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Original sin, also called ancestral sin, is the Christian
doctrine of humanity's state of sin resulting from the fall of man, stemming
from Adam and Eve's rebellion in Eden,
namely the sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and
evil.This condition has been characterized in many ways, ranging
from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward
sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a "sin
nature", to something as drastic as total
depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt.
The concept of original sin was first alluded to
in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon
in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics. Other church fathers such as Augustine
also developed the doctrine,seeing it as based on the New Testament
teaching of Paul the Apostle (Romans 5:12–21 and 1 Corinthians 15:22) and the Old Testament verse of Psalm 51:5. Tertullian,
Cyprian,
Ambrose
and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin,
transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther
and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence,
affirming that it persisted even after baptism
and completely destroyed freedom.The Jansenist
movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained
that original sin destroyed freedom of will.
The story of the Garden of Eden and the
Fall of Man represents a tradition among the Abrahamic peoples, with a
presentation more or less symbolical of certain moral and religious truths.
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2.Garden of Eden
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The Garden of Eden or often Paradise is the biblical "garden of God",
described most notably in the Book of
Genesis chapters 2 and 3, and also in the Book of
Ezekiel. The "garden of God", not called Eden, is
mentioned in Genesis 13, and the "trees of the garden" are
mentioned in Ezekiel 31. The Book of Zechariah and the Book of Psalms
also refer to trees and water in relation to the temple without explicitly
mentioning Eden.
Traditionally, the favored derivation of the name
"Eden" was from the Akkadian edinnu, derived from a Sumerian word meaning "plain" or
"steppe". Eden is now believed to be more closely related to
an Aramaic
root word meaning "fruitful, well-watered."The Hebrew term is
translated "pleasure" in Sarah's secret saying in Genesis 18:9-15.
Much like records of the great flood, creation story and confusion of
languages, the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king, as a primordial man, who is
placed in a divine garden to guard the tree of life.In the Hebrew Bible,
Adam and Eve
are depicted as walking around the Garden of Eden naked due to their
innocence.Eden and its rivers may signify the real Jerusalem,
the Temple of Solomon, or the Promised Land.
It may also represent the divine garden on Zion,
and the mountain of God, which was also Jerusalem. The imagery of the Garden,
with its serpent and cherubs, has been compared to the images of the
Solomonic Temple with its copper serpent (the nehushtan)
and guardian cherubs.
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Adam is a figure from the Book of
Genesis who is also mentioned in the New Testament,
the deuterocanonical books, the Quran,
the Book of Mormon, and the Book of Iqan. According to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, he was the first human.
In the Genesis creation narratives, he was created by God.
Christian churches differ on how they view Adam's subsequent behavior of
disobeying God (often called the Fall of man),
and to the consequences that those actions had on the rest of humanity.
Christian and Jewish teachings sometimes hold Adam and Eve (the first
woman) to a different level of responsibility for the Fall, though Islamic
teaching holds both equally responsible. In addition, Islam holds that Adam
was eventually forgiven, while Christianity holds that redemption occurred
only later through the sacrifice of Jesus.
The Bahá'í Faith, Islam and some Christian denominations
consider Adam to be the first prophet.
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Eve is a figure in the Book of
Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. According to the creation myth
of the Abrahamic religions, she was the first woman. In Islamic tradition, Eve is known as Adam's wife and the first
woman although she is not specifically named in the Quran.
According to the second chapter of Genesis, Eve
was created by God (Yahweh) by taking her from the rib of Adam,
to be Adam's companion. She succumbs to the serpent's temptation to eat the forbidden
fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. She shares the fruit
with Adam, and as a result the first humans are expelled from the Garden of Eden.
Christian churches differ on how they view both Adam and Eve's disobedience
to God (often called the fall of man), and to the consequences that those actions had
on the rest of humanity. Christian and Jewish teachings sometimes hold Adam
(the first man) and Eve to a different level of responsibility for the fall,
although Islamic teaching holds both equally responsible.
Although Eve is not a saint's name, the traditional name day
of Adam and Eve has been celebrated on December 24 since the
Middle Ages in many European countries such as Germany, Hungary, Scandinavia,
Estonia, and Lithuania.
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Satan is a figure appearing in the texts of the Abrahamic religions who brings evil
and temptation, and is known as the deceiver who leads humanity astray. Some
religious groups teach that he originated as an angel,
or something of the like, who used to possess great piety and beauty, but
fell because of hubris, seducing humanity into the ways of falsehood and sin, and has power
in the fallen world. In the Hebrew Bible
and the New Testament, Satan is primarily an accuser and adversary,
a decidedly malevolent entity, also called the devil,
who possesses abhorrent qualities.
Although Satan is generally viewed as having negative characteristics,
some groups have very different beliefs. In Theistic Satanism, Satan is considered a deity who is either
worshipped or revered. In LaVeyan
Satanism, "Satan" is a symbol of virtuous
characteristics and liberty.
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3.Zeus's will (free will)
This article demonstrates how Homer employs the trope of the Boule Dios (the will of Zeus) as a kind of shorthand for the poetic program. In essence, the will of Zeus is the plot of an epic poem, and the invention of a plot is the first job of the poet. The essay demonstrates how Homer (or the epic tradition) can manipulate the will of Zeus to bestow or withhold kleos, the glory won in epic poetry, and demonstrates the extent to which the poet was free to use the tradition, as well as in what respects he was bound by it. It provides an account of Zeus's will as agent in fulfilling the request of Achilles, and offers as test cases the death of Sarpedon and the wall of the Achaean camp.
4.Homeric epithet
A characteristic of Homer's style is the
use of epithets, as in "rosy-fingered" dawn or "swift-footed" Achilles. Epithets are
used because of the constraints of the dactylic
hexameter (i.e., it is convenient to have a stockpile of
metrically fitting phrases to add to a name) and because of the oral
transmission of the poems; they are mnemonic aids
to the singer and the audience alike.
Epithets in epic poetry
from various Indo-European traditions may be traced to a common tradition.
For example, the phrase for "everlasting glory" or "undying
fame" can be found in the Homeric Greek
as kléos áphthiton and the Sanskrit
as śrávo ákşitam. These two phrases were, in terms of historical
linguistics, equivalent in phonology, accentuation,
and quantity (syllable length). In other words, they descend from a fragment of
poetic diction
(reconstructable as Proto-Indo-European *ḱlewos n̥dʰgʷʰitom) which was handed down
in parallel over many centuries, in continually diverging forms, by generations
of singers whose ultimate ancestors shared an archetypal repertoire of poetic
formulae and narrative themes.
Epithets alter the meaning of each noun to which they are attached. They
specify the existential nature of a noun; that is to say, Achilles is not
called "swift-footed" only when he runs; it is a marker of a quality
that does not change. Special epithets, such as patronymics,
are used exclusively for particular subjects and distinguish them from others,
while generic epithets are used of many subjects and speak less to their
individual characters. In these examples, the epithet can be contradictory to
the past state of the subject: in Odyssey
VI.74, for instance, Nausicaa takes her "radiant clothing", ἐσθῆτα φαεινήν,
to be washed; since it is dirty, it is unlikely to be radiant.
5.Vocabulary and syllablel be-:make or cause to be
example: belittle befool befriend
l fra-: break
l ab-: from;away from
example: abnormal absorb abuse
l CP值: cost–performance ratio
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