western literature week13

voc-/vok- : call invoke verb ·       1. cite or appeal to (someone or something) as an authority for an action or in support of an argument: the antiquated defense of insanity is rarely invoked today Synonym : cite, refer to, adduce, instance, resort to, have recourse to, turn to ·       2. call on (a deity or spirit) in prayer, as a witness, or for inspiration. Synonym : appeal to, pray to, call on, supplicate, entreat, solicit, beg, implore, beseech ·       3. call earnestly for: she invoked his help against this attack ·       4. summon (a spirit) by charms or incantation. Synonym : summon, call (up), conjure (up) ·       5. give rise to; evoke: how could she explain how the accident happened without invoking his wrath? ·       6. cause (a procedure) to be carried out.

meter-/metry- : measure kilometer 1. a metric unit of measurement equal to 1,000 meters (approximately 0.62 miles)

tri-:three trigonal adjective ·       1. triangular: square or trigonal double-sided inserts ·       2. triangular in cross section: large trigonal shells ·       3. of or denoting a crystal system or three-dimensional geometrical arrangement having three equal axes separated by equal angles that are not right angles.

-gon-: size,angle pentagon noun ·       1. a plane figure with five straight sides and five angles. ·       2. the pentagonal building serving as the headquarters of the US Department of Defense, near Washington, DC. ·       3. the US Department of Defense: the Pentagon said 19 of its soldiers had been killed

defy-: against defiant Adjective 1.   proudly refusing to obey authority: The protesters blocking the entrance to the offices remained defiant this morning. ​ 2.not willing to accept criticism or disapproval: The CEO was in a defiant mood as she entered the boardroom.

learn: get informed      1.to gain knowledge or understanding of or skill in by study, instruction, or experience <learn a trade>       2.to inform of something        3: to come to know<we just learned that he was ill> 4.to acquire knowledge or skill or a behavioral tendency learnable

overheard 1.transitive verb        :  to hear without the speaker's knowledge or intention 2.intransitive verb        :  to overhear something See overhear defined for English-language learners

INRI(cross) = Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum ·       Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews (a traditional representation in art of the inscription over Christ's head at the Crucifixion).

	Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy.The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.
	Catholicism is a term which in its broadest sense refers to the beliefs and practices of Christian denominations that describe themselves as catholic. It commonly reflects traditions of Catholic theology, doctrine, liturgy, ethics, and spirituality. Associated traits often include or claim to include episcopal polity, sacramental theology, apostolic succession and sacred tradition. "Catholicism" and "catholic" in these senses refer to various Christian churches, as well as their beliefs and practices.
	Hubris describes a personality quality of extreme or foolish pride or dangerous over-confidence. In its ancient Greek context, it typically describes behavior that defies the norms of behavior or challenges the gods, and which in turn brings about the downfall, or nemesis, of the perpetrator of hubris.
	The term hamartia derives from the Greek ἁμαρτία, from ἁμαρτάνειν hamartánein, which means "to miss the mark" or "to err". It is most often associated with Greek tragedy, although it is also used in Christian theology. Hamartia as it pertains to dramatic literature was first used by Aristotle in his Poetics. In tragedy, hamartia is commonly understood to refer to the protagonist’s error or flaw that leads to a chain of plot actions culminating in a reversal from their good fortune to bad. What qualifies as the error or flaw can include an error resulting from ignorance, an error of judgement, a flaw in character, or sin. The spectrum of meanings has invited debate among critics and scholars, and different interpretations among dramatists.
	Catharsis is the purification and purgation of emotions—especially pity and fear—through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration. It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the Poetics, comparing the effects of tragedy on the mind of a spectator to the effect of a cathartic on the body.
	Aristotle's Poetics is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory. This has been the traditional view for centuries. However, recent work is now challenging whether Aristotle focuses on literary theory per se(given that not one poem exists in the treatise) or whether he focuses instead on dramatic musical theory that only has language as one of the elements.
	Mimesis is a critical and philosophical term that carries a wide range of meanings, which include imitation, representation, mimicry, imitatio, receptivity, nonsensuous similarity, the act of resembling, the act of expression, and the presentation of the self. In ancient Greece, mimesis was an idea that governed the creation of works of art, in particular, with correspondence to the physical world understood as a model for beauty, truth, and the good. Plato contrasted mimesis, or imitation, with diegesis, or narrative. After Plato, the meaning of mimesis eventually shifted toward a specifically literary function in ancient Greek society, and its use has changed and been reinterpreted many times since then.
	According to Sophocles' play Antigone, Haemon or Haimon , was the son of Creon and Eurydice.
	Odysseus , also known by the Latin name Ulysses , was a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. Odysseus also plays a key role in Homer's Iliad and other works in that same epic cycle. Husband of Penelope, father of Telemachus, and son of Laërtes and Anticlea, Odysseus is renowned for his brilliance, guile, and versatility (polytropos), and is hence known by the epithet Odysseus the Cunning. He is most famous for the Odyssey, ten eventful years he took to return home after the decade-long Trojan War.
	Greek gift(不懷好意的鴻門宴) In the canonical version, after a fruitless 10-year siege, the Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse, and hid a select force of men inside. The Greeks pretended to sail away, and the Trojans pulled the horse into their city as a victory trophy. That night the Greek force crept out of the horse and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army, which had sailed back under cover of night. The Greeks entered and destroyed the city of Troy, decisively ending the war.